By ECZ Study Tool, September 25, 2023
A free radical is a highly reactive and unstable chemical that contains one or more unpaired electrons in its outermost electron shell. These unpaired electrons make free radicals prone to engaging in chemical reactions, often leading to chain reactions and oxidative processes.
Key points about free radicals include:
Unpaired Electrons: The defining characteristic of a free radical
is the presence of one or more unpaired electrons in its outermost electron
shell. These unpaired electrons are highly reactive and seek to form chemical
bonds with other atoms or molecules.
Reactivity: Free radicals are exceptionally reactive due to their
unpaired electrons. They can participate in a wide range of chemical reactions,
including oxidation-reduction reactions and polymerization reactions.
Formation: Free radicals can form through various processes, such
as exposure to radiation (e.g., UV light), chemical reactions, or metabolic
processes within living organisms. Common sources of free radicals include oxygen
radicals (like superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) and organic radicals.
Role in Biology: Free radicals play both beneficial and harmful
roles in biology. They are involved in essential processes like immune response
and cell signaling. However, excessive free radical production can lead to
oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues, contributing to aging and
diseases.
Antioxidants: Substances known as antioxidants can neutralize free
radicals by donating electrons, helping to protect cells from oxidative damage.
Antioxidants are found in various foods, such as fruits and vegetables.
Industrial Applications: Free radicals are used in various
industrial processes, including polymerization reactions to produce plastics
and in certain chemical syntheses.
Understanding free radicals is
important in chemistry, biochemistry, and medicine, as they have significant
implications for health, aging, and disease prevention.
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